Developmental neurobiology of hydra, a model animal of cnidarians1

نویسنده

  • Osamu Koizumi
چکیده

Hydra belongs to the class Hydrozoa in the phylum Cnidaria. Hydra is a model animal whose cellular and developmental data are the most abundant among cnidarians. Hence, I discuss the developmental neurobiology of hydra. The hydra nerve net is a mosaic of neural subsets expressing a specific neural phenotype. The developmental dynamics of the nerve cells are unique. Neurons are produced continuously by differentiation from interstitial multipotent stem cells. These neurons are continuously displaced outwards along with epithelial cells and are sloughed off at the extremities. However, the spatial distribution of each neural subset is maintained. Mechanisms related to these phenomena, i.e., the position-dependent changes in neural phenotypes, are proposed. Nerve-net formation in hydra can be examined in various experimental systems. The conditions of nerve-net formation vary among the systems, so we can clarify the control factors at the cellular level by comparing nerve-net formation in different systems. By large-scale screening of peptide signal molecules, peptide molecules related to nerve-cell differentiation have been identified. The LPW family, composed of four members sharing common N-terminal L(or I)PW, inhibits nerve-cell differentiation in hydra. In contrast, Hym355 (FPQSFLPRG-NH3) activates nerve differentiation in hydra. LPWs are epitheliopeptides, whereas Hym355 is a neuropeptide. In the hypostome of hydra, a unique neuronal structure, the nerve ring, is observed. This structure shows the nerve association of neurites. Exceptionally, the tissue containing the nerve ring shows no tissue displacement during the tissue flow that involves the whole body. The neurons in the nerve ring show little turnover, although nerve cells in all other regions turn over continuously. These associations and quiet dynamics lead me to think that the nerve ring has features similar to those of the central nervous system in higher animals. Résume : Hydra fait partie des hydrozoaires dans le phylum des cnidaires. Hydra est un animal modèle pour lequel, parmi les cnidaires, il existe le plus de données sur les cellules et le développement. Je présente donc ici le développement neurobiologique de l’hydre. Le réseau nerveux chez l’hydre est une mosaïque de sous-groupes neuraux qui compose un phénotype neural particulier. La dynamique du développement de ces cellules est inusitée. Des neurones sont produits de façon continue par différenciation de cellules souches interstitielles multipotentes. Les neurones sont continuellement repoussés vers l’extérieur en même temps que des cellules épithéliales et ils sont rejetés aux extrémités. Cependant, la répartition spatiale de tous les sous-groupes de nerfs est maintenue. Des mécanismes capables d’expliquer ces phénomènes, i.e. les changements dépendants de la position des phénotypes neuraux, sont proposés. La formation du réseau de nerfs chez Hydra peut être observée dans divers systèmes expérimentaux, mais les conditions peuvent varier d’un système à l’autre. Il est donc possible de comprendre les facteurs de contrôle à l’échelle des cellules en comparant la formation des nerfs dans les différents systèmes. Les molécules de peptides reliées à la différenciation des cellules ont été identifiées au cours d’un tri à grande échelle des molécules de peptides signalisateurs. La famille des LPW, composée de quatre unités qui ont en commun le N-terminal, L (ou I)PW, inhibe la différenciation des cellules nerveuses chez l’hydre. En revanche, Hym355 (FPQSFLPRG-NH3) active la différenciation. Les LPW sont des épithéliopeptides, alors que Hym355 est un neuropeptide. Il y a une structure neurale particulière, l’anneau nerveux, dans l‘hypostome de l’hydre. Cette structure a des associations nerveuses semblables à celles des neurites. Le tissu qui entoure l’anneau nerveux ne subit pas de déplacement, malgré le flux des tissus dans le reste du corps. Les neurones de l’anneau nerveux sont rarement remplacés, alors que les cellules nerveuses des autres régions sont continuellement changées. Ces associations et cette dynamique lente permettent de penser que l‘anneau nerveux ressemble par certains aspects au système nerveux central des animaux plus évolués. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Koizumi 1689 Can. J. Zool. 80: 1678–1689 (2002) DOI: 10.1139/Z02-134 © 2002 NRC Canada 1678 Received 30 November 2001. Accepted 15 July 2002. Published on the NRC Research Press Web site at http://cjz.nrc.ca on 15 November 2002. O. Koizumi. Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Fukuoka Women’s University, Kasumiga-oka 1-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 813-8529, Japan (e-mail: [email protected]). 1This review is one of a series dealing with aspects of the phylum Cnidaria. This series is one of several virtual symposia on the biology of neglected groups that will be published in the Journal from time to time. J:\cjz\cjz8010\Z02-134.vp Wednesday, November 13, 2002 11:06:08 AM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen

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تاریخ انتشار 2002